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Read the following information and then answer the questions.


Trade in “spices” accelerated during the height of the Roman Empire due to the ever-increasing demands of the wealthy classes for exotic luxury goods.


*The term “spices” meant much more than flavorings for foods at that time. Religious rituals required the burning of resins and incense to appease the gods, to get rid of evil spirits, and pay tribute to the emperors. "Spices came in the form of ointments, powders, wood, bark, roots, resins, and herbs and were used in countless ways."   See Chart below or at http://ias.berkeley.edu/orias/Spice/textobjects/background.htm


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1. What is the difference between a spice and an herb?

2. Choose five items from the following list and list them on the answer sheet:

Continue - Fill in the answer sheet with the following information using the sources to answer questions 3-4 and 7-10 and the chart to get the information for questions 5-6:
3. Tell if it is a spice or herb.
4. What were their uses during Roman times?
5. Could Romans get these from one of the seven places below?   If so, from where?
6. What could the Romans trade these areas for items they needed? (See example below.)
7. What is the common name of plant/spice?

8. Sketch the plant and show the parts of the plant used.
9. Tell the names of countries today where the plant is grown.
10. Give traditional and current (medicinal uses)

SOURCES
Herb and Spice Encyclopedia  http://www.culinarycafe.com/Spices_Herbs/

Herbs and Spices  http://www.herbsandspices.org/

Herbs for Medicinal Purposes - http://www.geocities.com/miekemoran/herbal.html

Spice Encyclopedia - http://www.spiceadvice.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html

History of Spices (pictures) - http://www.mccormick.com/content.cfm?id=10109


See imports/exports on CHART below.



Example: If the Romans wanted grain, they could find it (according to the chart) in Egypt. There is nothing that Rome exports, except gold coins, that Egypt would use so...Rome could trade Gold Coins for Black Pepper from SOUTH INDIA (Muziris), then give Egypt the Pepper for Grain (a three-way trade).


Chart of Major Imports and Exports in Rome
A. ROME:
The wealthy citizens of Rome provided a great market for the many exotic goods from the farthest reaches of the known world.
B. ALEXANDRIA (Egypt)
The great port at Alexandria provided a central marketplace for the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Exotic goods from throughout Asia and central Africa came through this major port.
Rome had the following goods to export:
gold coins
glassware
olive oil
wool
purple fabric
metal weapons and tool
Alexandria had the following goods to export:
grain
papyrus
linen and flax
glass vases
painted pottery
lotions
perfumes
repackaged spices from Asia
Rome needed to import
pepper
cloves
frankincense
nutmeg
ginger
grain
cotton
pearls
Alexandria needed to import:
pepper
cinnamon
frankincense
ginger
tin
iron
wine
nuts / figs
C. AROMATA, EAST AFRICA:
Aromata was a coastal market and port for the raw materials of central and east Africa.
D. MUSA, ARABIA:
The Arabian merchants used the monsoon winds to travel
to the ports of the Arabian Sea. For centuries they concealed the sources of the goods they traded.
Aromata had the following goods to export:
ivory
tortoise shell
rhinoceros horn
leopard skins
Goods that came from Arabian traders also exported:
frankincense
myrrh
cloves
Musa had the following goods to export::
frankincense
myrrh
sesame oil
Aromata needed to import:
cinnamon
cloves
tin
Mussa needed to import:
cinnamon
pepper
clothing
textiles
tin
grain
olive oil
wine
cosmetics
sandalwood
tortoise shell
E. BARYGAZA, INDIA
Goods from India/Central Asia and the Indus River Valley came to this port.
F. MUZIRIS, SOUTH INDIA
Merchants at this port had access to a wide variety
of goods from Southeast Asia, India, and China.
Barygaza had the following goods to export::
cotton
sandalwood
pearls
semi-precious stones
perfumed oils
The following goods were imported for re-export:
silk from China
tortoise shell
ginger
Muziris had the following goods to export::
black pepper
ginger root
ivory
pearls
tortoise shell
fine cotton clothing
cinnamon
Barygaza needed to import:
Roman coins
glassware
clothing
wine
medicines
tin and copper
silverware
Muziris needed to import:
cloves
gold Roman coins
glassware
silverware
wine
clothing
cardomom
G. FUNAN / OCEO (Cambodia)
The merchants who traded from this port obtained their goods from the mainland as well as the many islands throughout Southeast Asia.
H. CATTIGARA, CHINA
Chinese merchants dominated the eastern sea with an empire as vast as that of Rome. The Han Dynasty was a vast market for luxury goods:
Funan had the following goods to export::
ivory tusks teakwood
aloeswood cinnamon bark
sandalwood ginger
pearls cardamom
gold rhinoceros tusks
(imported cloves) (imported nutmeg)
Cattigara had the following goods to export::
silk
gold
silver
copper
textiles
amber
ginger
cinnamon
Funan needed to import:
wine
silk
rice
lacquerware
wheat
iron
cloves
nutmeg
cardamom
cinnamon
Cattigara needed to import:
cloves
nutmeg
pearls
spices
elephant tusks
rhinoceros horns
pepper

HEALTH INFORMATION

"Almost any health condition or symptom will benefit from Herbal Medicine, and it is particularly suitable for

from:  http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~bhealth/herbal.htm




Herbal Page -
http://www.geocities.com/miekemoran/herbal.html

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