exportsnandimports.html

Answer Sheet Directions

Read the following information and then answer the questions.

Trade in “spices” accelerated during the height of the Roman Empire due to the ever-increasing demands of the wealthy classes for exotic luxury goods.

*The term “spices” meant much more than flavorings for foods at that time. Religious rituals required the burning of resins and incense to appease the gods, to get rid of evil spirits, and pay tribute to the emperors. "Spices came in the form of ointments, powders, wood, bark, roots, resins, and herbs and were used in countless ways." See Chart below or at http://ias.berkeley.edu/orias/Spice/textobjects/background.htm

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1. What is the difference between a spice and an herb?

2. Choose five items from the following list and list them on the answer sheet:

cinnamon/cassia
cloves
nutmeg/mace
ginger
celery seed
cardamom
anise seed
marjoram
black pepper
myrrh
frankincense
basil
tarragon
thyme

Continue - Fill in the answer sheet with the following information using the sources to answer questions 3-4 and 7-10 and the chart to get the information for questions 5-6:
3. Tell if it is a spice or herb.
4. What were their uses during Roman times?
5. Could Romans get these from one of the seven places below? If so, from where?
6. What could the Romans trade these areas for items they needed? (See example below.)
7. What is the common name of plant/spice?
8. Sketch the plant and show the parts of the plant used.
9. Tell the names of countries today where the plant is grown.
10. Give traditional and current (medicinal uses)

SOURCES
Herb and Spice Encyclopedia http://www.culinarycafe.com/Spices_Herbs/

Herbs and Spices http://www.herbsandspices.org/

Herbs for Medicinal Purposes - http://www.geocities.com/miekemoran/herbal.html

Spice Encyclopedia - http://www.spiceadvice.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html

History of Spices (pictures) - http://www.mccormick.com/content.cfm?id=10109

See imports/exports on CHART below.

Example: If the Romans wanted grain, they could find it (according to the chart) in Egypt. There is nothing that Rome exports, except gold coins, that Egypt would use so...Rome could trade Gold Coins for Black Pepper from SOUTH INDIA (Muziris), then give Egypt the Pepper for Grain (a three-way trade).

Chart of Major Imports and Exports in Rome

A. ROME: The wealthy citizens of Rome provided a great market for the many exotic goods from the farthest reaches of the known world.	B. ALEXANDRIA (Egypt) The great port at Alexandria provided a central marketplace for the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Exotic goods from throughout Asia and central Africa came through this major port.
Rome had the following goods to export: gold coins glassware olive oil wool purple fabric metal weapons and tool	Alexandria had the following goods to export: grain papyrus linen and flax glass vases painted pottery lotions perfumes repackaged spices from Asia
Rome needed to import pepper cloves frankincense nutmeg ginger grain cotton pearls	Alexandria needed to import: pepper cinnamon frankincense ginger tin iron wine nuts / figs
C. AROMATA, EAST AFRICA: Aromata was a coastal market and port for the raw materials of central and east Africa.	D. MUSA, ARABIA: The Arabian merchants used the monsoon winds to travel to the ports of the Arabian Sea. For centuries they concealed the sources of the goods they traded.
Aromata had the following goods to export: ivory tortoise shell rhinoceros horn leopard skins Goods that came from Arabian traders also exported: frankincense myrrh cloves	Musa had the following goods to export:: frankincense myrrh sesame oil
Aromata needed to import: cinnamon cloves tin	Mussa needed to import: cinnamon pepper clothing textiles tin grain olive oil wine cosmetics sandalwood tortoise shell
E. BARYGAZA, INDIA Goods from India/Central Asia and the Indus River Valley came to this port.	F. MUZIRIS, SOUTH INDIA Merchants at this port had access to a wide variety of goods from Southeast Asia, India, and China.
Barygaza had the following goods to export:: cotton sandalwood pearls semi-precious stones perfumed oils The following goods were imported for re-export: silk from China tortoise shell ginger	Muziris had the following goods to export:: black pepper ginger root ivory pearls tortoise shell fine cotton clothing cinnamon
Barygaza needed to import: Roman coins glassware clothing wine medicines tin and copper silverware	Muziris needed to import: cloves gold Roman coins glassware silverware wine clothing cardomom
G. FUNAN / OCEO (Cambodia) The merchants who traded from this port obtained their goods from the mainland as well as the many islands throughout Southeast Asia.	H. CATTIGARA, CHINA Chinese merchants dominated the eastern sea with an empire as vast as that of Rome. The Han Dynasty was a vast market for luxury goods:
Funan had the following goods to export:: ivory tusks teakwood aloeswood cinnamon bark sandalwood ginger pearls cardamom gold rhinoceros tusks (imported cloves) (imported nutmeg)	Cattigara had the following goods to export:: silk gold silver copper textiles amber ginger cinnamon
Funan needed to import: wine silk rice lacquerware wheat iron cloves nutmeg cardamom cinnamon	Cattigara needed to import: cloves nutmeg pearls spices elephant tusks rhinoceros horns pepper

HEALTH INFORMATION

"Almost any health condition or symptom will benefit from Herbal Medicine, and it is particularly suitable for

skin conditions, including acne, eczema, psoriasis, etc.
breathing difficulties, including chronic bronchitis, asthma, etc.
hormonal problems, including PMS, menopause, infertility, adrenal or thyroid problems
digestive problems, including indigestion, irritable bowel, inflammatory bowel, constipation, etc.
nervous conditions, including stress, fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances
chronic conditions such as chronic fatigue

from: http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~bhealth/herbal.htm

Herbal Page - http://www.geocities.com/miekemoran/herbal.html

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